AmSkulChemistry

The vague language of science In science there are two major ways of drawing conclusions, by inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning in which conclusions are drawn from different multiple premises which are all believed to be true, or found true and deductive reasoning, is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. That is inductive reasoning moves from specific instances into generalized conclusions, while deductive reasoning moves from generalized premises into specific conclusions. Most principles in science are derived by inductive reasoning, making it hard to apply these principle to specific instances. This is probably because the more vague it is, the more likely it is to be true. Charles Sanders Pierce ( an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism") said “ It is easy to

  Everyday application of Hess's Law Burning calories, consuming food, driving home, we all should be familiar with these actions because we do them everyday, but what some of us don't realise is that all these actions related one fundamental law of conservation of energy, Hess's Law.   Hess's Law states that: regardless of the multiple stages or steps of a reaction, the total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes. [1]   We will further discover how our indrustries, human body and drug production are related to this law and to better understand the science behind it. Industries Today, all our mass and low cost production depends on factories and industries and all these industries require huge amount of energy.   To keep everything the most efficient possible, these industries has to determine the method that is the most effective to produce a product based on the energy needed or released.   For example:  Car companies must determine ho

“Recycling of materials is often an effective means of reducing the environmental impact of pollution, but varies in its efficiency in energy terms in different countries” As the world continues to increase in global population, it suddenly becomes more and more important for us to find new ways of creating and reusing energy. One of the ways more developed countries choose to reuse energy is through recycling. Thankfully for me personally, I have had the chance to live in places where recycling is a cultural norm, and places where it’s barely even considered in everyday life. It’s been interesting for me to see how people choose to recycle throughout the many different countries / states I’ve lived in. According to The Economist, “Since 1960 the amount of municipal waste being collected in America has nearly tripled, reaching 245 m tonnes in 2005.” This number will only continue to increase as we approach 2020, but luckily, many if not all states in the US are now f

The burning of oil The burning of oil is very detrimental to the environment, not only only to a specific area, but on a very larger scale, to the world. With the rising issues of global warming around the world, some countries are or would be facing serious consequences, like higher frequency of floods, heat waves, storms , droughts and many others. Burning of oil is not the only contribution to global warming, but is an aspect  we can control, so we pay particular attention to it. Burning of oil also has many other negative impacts on the environment like: - Causes acid rain,  which is harmful to plants and to animals that live in water, and it worsens or causes respiratory illnesses and heart diseases, particularly in children and the elderly. - Contributes to ground-level ozone, which irritates and damages the lungs. - Results in hazy conditions in cities and scenic areas, and, along with ozone, contributes to asthma and chronic bronchitis, especially in children and the eld

Should we be promoting electric cars when the conversion of energy to electricity is one of the least efficient conversions? There are certainly pros and cons of switching completely from gasoline emitting cars, to electric. For one, if more people buy electric cars, the air we breathe will become clearer, and less polluted over time. This is because electric cars have zero tailpipe emissions.  With fewer emissions into the atmosphere, we can expect to see a drop in our global carbon footprint and we will protect the ozone layer from further harm.  "In addition to fewer emissions, electric cars are cheaper than gasoline cars, make less noise, and have low maintenance requirements." (Schmidt, 1) Electric cars seem to be the future of transportation, but why haven't we been making the switch faster? There is one big reason why.  Essentially, if people make the switch to electric, it just means the energy will have to be emitted elsewhere. While it's true th

The age of scientific discovery and innovation makes the world realize the impact of some of our norms that were once beneficial to society, but, could now be leading us to our downfall. Agricultural lands have historically been used for consumption but with greenhouse gas emissions increasing, is it possible for us to convert our crops into fuels? A biofuel is a fuel produced through biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than using geological process fuels involved in the formation of fossil fuels  such as, coal and petroleum.Biofuels is a form of renewable energy that can be derived from plants or indirectly from agricultural,commercial or industrial waste. This biomass conversion can result to fuels in forms of gas, liquid or solid form. There are two different forms of biofuels;primary and secondary. Primary biofuels are organic materials that are using in unprocessed form, primarily for heating, coking and electricity production. Seconda

 Eco-friendly flight How many times have you taken a fligh? Traveling to a new place, meeting new people and culture.  Did you know that flying cost more than just money?  It comes with a price to our environment.  Each flight you take contributes 285 grams of CO2 to our atmosphere, airplaines contributes more than cars, trains, boats and motocycles.  However, there is really a cleaner way of taking a plane and soon in the future, airplane will be more ecofriendly and efficient.               This image shows the difference in contribution of CO2 per passager for each transport How does planes polutes? Planes can pollute in few different ways: The material used to build the plane- If the plane is heavier, it will require more fuels, so it will burn more and release more carbon to our atmosphere. Meals served- We all know that cow's fart contribute a lot of methane (a green house gas) to a atmosphere, so  if you eat beef or just meat everytime, then it sure will cont